Long Way Gone Study Guide Essay

1.What does Ishmael say the war is about? Ishmael says nothing regarding the reasons for the war, or what each side was battling for, or of the general political and social conditions in Sierra Leone that caused the war. This was an intentional system with respect to Beah, the creator. He needed to introduce the war through the eyes of a kid. As a kid of twelve, when the war previously influenced him, he had no enthusiasm for legislative issues. He had no motivation to be interestedâ€his principle intrigue, naturally for a kid of his age, was in singing and moving to rap music and spending time with his companions. At the point when the war comes to him, it is for him a fight for individual endurance, not a political reason. He is additionally energized by sentiments of revengeâ€instilled into him by his military officersâ€against the radicals since they killed his family. By and by, these are close to home emotions not political convictions. For the peruser, at that point, shipped to a land the individual in questi on thinks nothing about (for the American peruser, that is), the war appears inconceivably fierce as well as good for nothing. It comprises of one side carelessly murdering the other, and the other way around, in encounters in little towns. Ishmael reports Lieutenant Jabati’s talks to his men, in which he says they are shielding their nation (â€Å"We murder them [the rebels] for the great and improvement of this country† [p. 123]), however such interests to enthusiasm are not what motivate Ishmael. Ishmael’s numbness of legislative issues is again pushed when he is in Freetown during his recovery and sees a caravan of vehicles and military vans. He is informed that the new president, Tejan Kabbah, who had won a political decision eight months sooner is cruising by. â€Å"I had never known about this man,† Ishmael composes distinctly. This affirms the tenor of the book all in all: Ishmael is a kid up to speed in a war he thinks nothing about for a reason he couldn't care less about. 2.Why was the war battled and what course did it take? During the 1980s Sierra Leone was a one-party state administered by the All-People’s Congress (APC) party. Be that as it may, this period was set apart by broad government defilement and maltreatment of intensity. In spite of the fact that Sierra Leone is wealthy in normal assets it got perhaps the least fortunate nation on the planet as a result of blunder. The common war in neighboring Liberia assisted with making conditions for war in Sierra Leone in light of the fact that a Liberian war pioneer apparently supported the agitator bunch called the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) as a method of destabilizing Sierra Leone, which at the time was a base for a United Nations peacekeeping power. The war broke out in 1991 in towns in eastern Sierra Leone that were close to the Liberian fringe. The point of the RUF was to seize and control the jewel segment, and in 1991 it assumed responsibility for the precious stone mines in the Kono area. (It is the mining territory around Ishmae l’s old neighborhood of Mogbwemo that the renegades seize in 1993.) In 1992 a military upset occurred that built up the National Provisional Ruling Council, supplanting the regular citizen government. Be that as it may, the new military government was weak to keep the RUF from controlling a great part of the nation. It was the years following this, from 1993 to January 1996, that Ishmael was a trooper. The war proceeded after Ishmael was protected from it, as he himself discovered when he went to remain with his uncle in Freetown after his recovery. There had been a political race in April 1996, and a regular citizen government had taken force, yet in May 1997 there was another military overthrow, and the new military government known as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) welcomed the RUF to take an interest in it. The next year, when Beah was securely in the United States, the military government was expelled and the non military personnel government reestablished. Yet, this didn't stop the brutality as the AFRC and its RUF partners battled to recapture power. Battling came back to Freetown in 1999, preceding a harmony accord was marked in July 1999. Be that as it may, this didn't last, and the war delayed, at last closure in January 2002, with the regular citizen government in control. As per the CIA’s World Factbook, the common war brought about a huge number of passings and the removal of in excess of 2,000,000 peopleâ€about 33% of the number of inhabitants in Sierra Leone. 3.What is the circumstance in Sierra Leone today? As per the CIA’s World Factbook, Sierra Leone is steadily coming back to a completely popularity based government following the desolates of the common war. There was a general political race in 2007 that prompted one non military personnel government being calmly supplanted by another. The country has likewise attempted to deal with the ongoing past. In 2002 the administration set up a Special Court to attempt those liable for atrocities during the common war. It likewise set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The Special Court prosecuted huge numbers of those considered liable for the barbarities. Some kicked the bucket before they could be attempted, however in June 2007, the Special Court saw three men as liable of war violations, including murder, fear based oppression, and subjugation yet in addition the demonstration of recruiting or enrolling youngsters under fifteen into the military. As outcasts from the war are gradually coming back from neighboring nations, the Sierra Leone government is attempting to make employments and end political debasement. Incomes from jewel mining have expanded essentially since the finish of the war. Precious stones represent about portion of Sierra Leone’s sends out. Be that as it may, Sierra Leone, with a populace evaluated in 2009 as 5,132,138, stays an amazingly poor nation with wide incongruities in how riches is appropriated. As indicated by the World Factbook, â€Å"The destiny of the economy relies on the support of residential harmony and the proceeded with receipt of generous guide from abroad.† 4.How broad is the utilization of kid warriors? It is soothing to feel that the constrained induction of kids into the military during the war in Sierra Leone was a variation, not something that can happen again in the cutting edge world. Nonetheless, that isn't the situation. Indeed, even in the twenty-first century, the utilization of kid fighters is regular in furnished clashes the world over. As per Human Rights watch, a global nongovernmental association, starting at 2007, there were an expected 200,000 to 300,000 youngsters battling in different wars. As indicated by a Global Report distributed in 2008 by the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, toward the finish of 2007 kids were utilized as warriors in seventeen furnished clashes the world over. The alliance noticed this was down from twenty-seven clashes in 2004, yet the downturn was more in light of the fact that the contentions had finished than in light of the fact that youngster fighters were done being enrolled. The Global Report distinguished the accompanying nations where kids were enlisted for paramilitaries, volunteer armies, non military personnel barrier powers or outfitted gatherings connected to or bolstered by governments: Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, India, Iran, Ivory Coast, Libya, Myanmar, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Uganda. The most blatant guilty party, as indicated by the Global Report, is Myanmar, where the administration utilizes a huge number of youngsters in its fight against rebel gatherings. In Uganda, a huge number of kids have been constrained into joining armed forces over a time of about a quarter century. In a portion of these nations, including Uganda, young ladies just as young men have been compelled to become officers. There have as of late been deliberate worldwide endeavors to end the utilization of youngster troopers. Sierra Leone, which has attempted and indicted men liable for selecting kid warriors, has become an innovator in this issue. The utilization of kid fighters has now been disallowed by global law. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the association of youngsters in outfitted clash has been confirmed by 120 states. The UN Security Council has received goals requiring the foundation of an observing system on youngsters and furnished clash. In any case, these and different denials are no assurance that when new clashes break out, youngster warriors won't be selected. 5.Is Beah’s story truthfully precise? A Long Way Gone made well known and basic progress, yet questions have been raised by some with respect to the truthful exactness of various occasions Beah describes in the book. Beah composes that his town was assaulted in January 1993 and after that he turned into a displaced person from the war. Pundits guarantee that there are school records demonstrating that Beah was in school later than this date, and that the town was assaulted in 1995, not 1993. This would imply that Beah would really have been enrolled at fifteen years old, not thirteen as he writes in the book. This would have implied that he was just a kid officer for a couple of months, as opposed to more than two years. A few pundits point to the structure of the book to affirm this. They call attention to that a large portion of the book manages Beah’s wanderings as a displaced person and the months he spent in restoration. Just two sections (13 and 14) spread his genuine encounters as an officer (in spite of the fact that he presents more episodes from his military help at different focuses in flashbacks). Questions have likewise been raised about the record Beah gives of the battle between the previous kid warriors at the restoration home, in which a few young men were executed. There are no free reports of such a battle regularly occurring. Some accept that Beah utilized others’ encounters as his own and that he decorated his story. They point to his enthusiasm for experimental writing at Oberlin College and the way that his receptive mother was a narrator. The recommendation is that Beah was empowered by people around him to recount to a progressively striking story. Others have all the more beneficently recommended that Beah just got his dates stirred up, and his memory may have been inconsistent on the grounds that on his ow

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Presentation Arcor est une sociã ©tã © argentine fondã ©e en 1951 standard Fulvio Salvador Pagani à Arroyito, Cordoba. La sociã ©tã © est dans l'industrie alimentaire, dans ses produits, nous pouvons trouver de la nourriture, bread rolls, crã ¨mes glacã ©es, bonbons et chocolat. Child objectif comme sociã ©tã © est d'ã ©laborer des produits de qualitã © accessibles à tous les consommateurs dans tout le monde. Arcor est le chief producteur de bonbons dans le monde et la in addition to grande sociã ©tã © argentine avec le in addition to ouvert marchã ©s, il y a des usines en Argentine, au Pã ©rou, au Mexique, au Brã ©sil et au Chili, l'exportation vers 120 pays sur les cinq mainlands. Aussi, Arcor fait child propre emballage et il est le chief producteur de containers en Argentine. Ses revenus sont d'environ 3,300 millions de dollars (C.A) et compte environ 20,000 employã ©s. En 2005, Arcor fait un partenariat avec Danone, ils faisant la in addition to grande entreprise de bread rolls et de cã ©rã ©ales en Amã ©rique du Sud, Bagley Latinoamerica SA. En 2006, une union stratã ©gique avec Bimbo au Mexique pour la dissemination de chocolats et de bonbons sur le Mexique et le reste du monde a à ©tã © fait. Depuis 2004 Arcor dã ©cidã © participer à la RSE, et en 2009 ce idea de la RSE passer à un idea in addition to abarcative et complã ¨te de la durabilitã © et soutenabilitã ©. Dans child plan de dã ©veloppement solid Arcor a dã ©fini cinq à ©tapes ils respecter pour rendre leur entreprise, ils sont; 1. Utilisation rationnelle de l'eau. 2. L'efficacità © à ©nergã ©tique et la minimisation des impacts qui contribuent au changement climatique mondial. 3. Utilisation rationnelle de l’emballage. 4. Une nourishment saine. 5. Respect et la security des droits des travailleurs. 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Grã ¢ce à une gestion strong de la chaã ®ne de valeur  » Exposition - Presentation Arcor est une sociã ©tã © argentine fondã ©e en 1951 standard Fulvio Salvador Pagani à Arroyito, Cordoba. La sociã ©tã © est dans l'industrie alimentaire, dans ses produits, nous pouvons trouver de la nourriture, bread rolls, crã ¨mes glacã ©es, bonbons et chocolat. Child objectif comme sociã ©tã © est d'ã ©laborer des produits de qualitã © accessibles à tous les consommateurs dans tout le monde. Arcor est le chief producteur de bonbons dans le monde et la in addition to grande sociã ©tã © argentine avec le in addition to ouvert marchã ©s, il y a des usines en Argentine, au Pã ©rou, au Mexique, au Brã ©sil et au Chili, l'exportation vers 120 pays sur les cinq landmasses. Aussi, Arcor fait child propre emballage et il est le chief producteur de containers en Argentine. Ses revenus sont d'environ 3,300 millions de dollars (C.A) et compte environ 20,000 employã ©s. En 2005, Arcor fait un partenariat avec Danone, ils faisant la in addition to grande entreprise de bread rolls et de cã ©rã ©ales en Amã ©rique du Sud, Bagley Latinoamerica SA. En 2006, une coalition stratã ©gique avec Bimbo au Mexique pour la conveyance de chocolats et de bonbons sur le Mexique et le reste du monde a à ©tã © fait. Depuis 2004 Arcor dã ©cidã © participer à la RSE, et en 2009 ce idea de la RSE passer à un idea in addition to abarcative et complã ¨te de la durabilitã © et soutenabilitã ©. Dans child plan de dã ©veloppement sturdy Arcor a dã ©fini cinq à ©tapes ils respecter pour rendre leur entreprise, ils sont; 1. Utilisation rationnelle de l'eau. 2. L'efficacità © à ©nergã ©tique et la minimisation des impacts qui contribuent au changement climatique mondial. 3. Utilisation rationnelle de l’emballage. 4. Une sustenance saine. 5. Respect et la assurance des droits des travailleurs. Ajoutã © à cela, les activities groupe Arcor sever les activities in addition to humani... ...ccã ¨s dans toutes les rã ©gions. En 2012 est effectuã ©e à la creation de cã ©rã ©ales, un marchã © du monde en pleine croissance et hautement concurrentiel. Fournisseurs La connection d'Arcor avec ses fournisseurs est une connection dans laquelle cherche un dã ©veloppement solid et soutenu à travers d'une connection à long terme qui supportera ceux-ci à à ªtre intã ©grã © reprise in addition to à la chaã ®ne de valeur d’Arcor. Arcor veut doorman cette strong point connection avec ses fournisseurs à ses produits pour qu'elle les soit transmise à ses consommateurs puisque child objectif est d'obtenir l'excellence et la qualitã © en ses produits et les administrations. Le yet d’Arcor avec ses fournisseurs dans leurs witticisms  « Nous avons besoin d'Arcor fournisseurs qui partagent la philosophie de l'entreprise donc cherchã © à à ©tablir des relations de confiance à long terme. Grã ¢ce à une gestion strong de la chaã ®ne de valeur  »

Is College Worth It

Imagine every year the thousands of applicants each college gets from prospective students. They get flooded with letter after letter and have teams of employees working on the paperwork to respond to each and every student. The twist is that every student cannot send out thousands of letters. There are approximately 4,168 two and four year colleges in America, obviously every student would find a home if they were able to apply to each and every college, but it’s economically and logically impossible. The cost to simply apply to a college is constricting many students from reaching a higher level of education; however there are ways to waive the application fee, but even then there is the issue of the actual school’s tuition. There’s a major flaw still in the system. The average student applies to six to eight colleges in hopes of gaining admission, but then the waiting game begins. Days, weeks, months pass by, checking through the mail in hopes of a large pack age with the list of items to bring to college as a welcoming way of saying â€Å"Here’s What You Need to Survive† list. Tension builds as the mailbox appears empty, the question is, what is the student’s motive for this stress? Why put them through this much torture? Is college truly worth living the last semester of high school with the thought of having dreams shattered? Take into consideration the current economy and that many college graduates simply do not get a job in their field of study within the first three years of graduation, but then also add in the so-called â€Å"experts† suggesting that each student should choose a career pathway that leads them to success in the long run. When added together, there is a promise stating â€Å"You won’t have a job for a while, but hang in there, you’ll get one.† So in this instance, why would anyone pay thousands of dollars to go to a college that will take years to pay off? The answ er is simpler than the question seems to ask. College is a start of every person’s life. Staying up late to study for an exam is almost equivalent to staying up late at work to finish a project: high school is the snack, college is the appetizer, and work is the entrà ©e. Additionally, the field of work is an extreme confidence boost, especially when the student receives their first job in that field. After practicing a topic and working theoretically, the student finally gets to appropriate the information they had learned throughout college. With every lesson, a college teaches its students a valuable life skill and prepares them more and more for the step ahead of them. College isn’t all about money, it isn’t about waiting for the acceptance, but rather what you use the momentum from your learning experience and how you become better from it. No other institution can truly guarantee you a successful lifestyle in the way a college can grant access to. Colleg e is worth every agonizing moment of waiting for that freshman year checklist. College is worth every waking minute spent up at night to cram for an exam. College is worth every single bit of energy available only because it is the true start to the life you live that is worth everything and a bit more. Is College Worth It There is a mindset in today’s society that equates success with college (Carew). However, there have been several cases where this is not true. Famous, and very successful, entrepreneurs such as Bill Gates, Walt Disney, and Mark Zuckerberg never completed or even attended college (ProCon). Even if a higher education seemed ideal, most people can’t afford to attend without leaving with debt. Since 1983, the cost of college has increased by five times the rate of inflation, while the average wages of a college graduate have stayed constant (â€Å"Is college worth it? Higher education†) A college education is not worth it because it costs too much, it causes inequalities, and there are other options. When costs of monetary value, issues with everyday life, and unreliable outcome are taken into consideration, a higher education isn’t worth it. Since employers that are college graduates will normally only hire other college graduates, colleges and universit ies have been permitted to create their own monopoly. Since so many jobs require a college degree, costs of tuition and extra fees can be increased, forcing those looking for a job to take on even more student debt (ProCon). Also, a lot of degrees have very little value when compared to the debt they caused. An example of a scenario where someone pursued a degree that interested them and it fell short, is that of Kennesaw State University graduate that majored in Spanish. Her graduation had left her with $35,000 in student debt, and since she couldn’t find employment with her degree, ended up working for no more than $11 per hour (â€Å"Is college worth it? Higher education†). Since there were no available jobs pertaining to a Spanish degree or any that paid very well, the graduate had trouble paying back her student loans. Even if a student goes to college for more a pragmatic degree that is insured to offer employment, the wages for new graduates is still down 6% fro m 2007, even as the labor market is recovering (Carew). Another cost of a higher education is that of everyday life. As a result of the monetary costs of college, a graduate’s adult life is delayed. Actions that mark adulthood such as buying a car, purchasing a house, or getting married get put to the side while the college graduates try to figure out how to finance their debt into their current income. Also in the life of a college student, there is the inevitable overwhelmed feeling and stress that comes along with a higher education. In a 2012 study, over 40% of college students reported feeling overwhelmed and stressed on daily basis. This stress has many different roots, ranging from competing for the best grades to relationships. Not only does stress cause anxiety and depression, it can also lead to more long term health issues like chronic digestive disorders, high blood pressure, and insomnia (Procon). Even after you stumble through the debt and health problems colleg e has caused, there is still uncertainty as to whether or not the aftermath will be worth the costs. In 2011, only 50% of college graduates under the age had a full time job. Even the ones that were working had a high chance of not being employed in college level work. As of 2008, the Department of Labor recorded 17 million college graduates in the United States being employed in jobs that didn’t require a college degree. There was also 33% of all college graduates in 2012 that were working in jobs that required only a high school diploma, and sometimes even less (Procon). Still, the graduates that did make it into the workforce in their education range were in trouble. Only a reported half of all college graduates felt truly prepared for employment in their field of study (â€Å"Is college worth it? Higher education†). Part of the problem with the job market for college graduates is the fact that the value of a bachelor’s degree has nearly diminished. Since col lege is seen as the only way to be successful, almost everyone in the United States has been earning at least a bachelor’s degree. As a result of this degree no longer being rare, the employers now have the power to choose from a much larger pool of people (Procon). A college education, when it comes down to the costs, isn’t worth the money, stress, or unknown aftermath. Another problem with obtaining a college education, is that it creates inequalities among minorities and majorities, the poor and the wealthier, and between employment and wage opportunities. It’s a well known fact that, in the United States, minorities such as blacks and hispanics, as well as the people that have low income, are much less likely to enroll in or complete college. A lot of minorities don’t want to cause anymore rifts or conflicts than there already are. Most will stay away from obtaining a higher education and enter in the minimum wage jobs. The low income citizens of the United States are relatively forced away from college. Since the price of an education has increased to staggering amounts, most can’t afford to continue after high school. These people will also have to enter into the less desirable jobs (Carew). There is also the other inequality that’s formed from in the form of wage gaps. College degree holders make an average of $35,000 annually, while those that may have been forced out of the college market make only $13,000 or less per year (Draeger). As a result of college being important in making money, there is a distinct lack of middle skills jobs. This is caused by going to college, instead of learning trades to become professions such as plumbers and electricians (Procon). While this may seem like not a big deal, in reality, it is spelling disaster for the economy. Since there is no longer people to fill middle skill jobs, the majority of new jobs created are low skill. Obviously those with college educations are cho sen first, those who have no degree are being forced out of the work force. This chain reaction is causing unemployment rates to increase dramatically (Carew). The more people choose the path of higher education, the more inequalities will be present. Many people think that college is the only way to be successful, but there are other options and plenty of reasons to opt for them. In a study done by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, of the 30 jobs that are projected to be the fastest growing between 2010 and 2020, 18 required a two year education or less. Only four of that 18 required an associate's degree, which can be obtained by a community college, which normally has much cheaper tuition than four year programs (Procon). There has always been the option to obtain an industry certification. An industry certification is a process of evaluation that decides whether or not an individual is prepared for that field of work (Carew). Another option for those who are not interested in college, is a trade profession. These careers; which include construction workers, plumbers, and hair stylists, require much less education, usually make well above minimum wage, and will always be necessary for society to function (Procon). Another way to opt out of college is to change the way employers function. If employers began offering specific training, instead of insisting their employees attend college, they would have many more well prepared workers (Carew). This problem comes from the fact that the college system is beginning to fail. Most graduates have no sense of how to manage their time or how to be organized. There are four million jobs in the United States that remain unfilled because employers can’t find people that are prepared enough to fill them (â€Å"Is college worth it? Higher education†). There has also been the common worry among people that college professors are so close minded, that they are indoctrinating their students, or using their au thority to force their beliefs onto their students (Procon). If this were to occur, students would be less ready to enter into the real world, where everyone’s opinions matter. Studies have shown that dropout rates have been extremely high in the past years. The average completion rate for a four year degree was only 38.6%, meaning roughly 60% of individuals that entered college with the intent on earning a bachelor’s degree either failed or dropped out (Carew). Statistics have also told the telling story that after four years of a college level education, 36% of all students showed no significant improvement in testing (Procon). In the long run, there are much cheaper options than college, and a plethora of reasons to choose them. Even though college continues to have incredible costs and causes inequalities among citizens, people still argue that college is the only key to success. People that think this way often believe that to solve the problem of not being ab le to pay back student loans, people should start applying themselves to degrees that are more practical for the workforce (â€Å"Is college worth it? Higher education†). These degrees include ones such as nursing or accounting, which have high employment and pay rates. However, if everyone only went to college for degrees that, in the past, have had large payouts, degrees that shape culture, but not bank accounts, like liberal and fine arts would disappear. There is also the argument that â€Å"the more you learn, the more you earn†, meaning the more time a person spends in school, the more they will make (â€Å"More education: Higher earnings, lower unemployment†). While this may be true in most cases, the state of the national job market right now doesn’t ensure the employment to make these higher wages. In a study, 42% of recent college graduates are employed in jobs that require less than a four year degree, and 41% of people who received degrees fro m the nation’s best colleges couldn’t find jobs that were in their field of study (â€Å"Is college worth it? Higher education†). Overall, even though some college graduates benefit from their higher education, a large percentage wishes they had done something different along the way. In 2011, a study showed that 57% of all Americans believed obtaining a higher education didn’t provide a good enough value in comparison to other variables (Procon). When weighing pros and cons, a college education isn’t worth it because of the costs, the rifts it creates, and because there are other, better options.

Why I Am An Engineer - 926 Words

The market has an increasing need for professionals with data management knowledge, analytical capability and problem-solving skills. I, Bhaskar Nayak am an Engineer in Information Science from Sapthagiri College of Engineering, a reputed institution under Visvesvaraya Technological University. I am applying for the admission to Master’s program in Business Intelligence and Analytics. The goal to pursue a career in the field of business has always been part of my plans since my early teen years. I believe that the interest I possess leads to continuous learning process. As an Engineer with work experience, I’m taking up graduate study to refine my knowledge and skills in my areas of interest. During the undergraduate study, Analysis and design of Algorithms, Database Management Systems and Data mining have been my most preferred courses. I secured 65% in the last two years of under graduation. I have always been a data driven person with good communication, problem solving and critical thinking qualities. I believe experience plays a key role in one’s career hence I planned to work before I could move towards my Masters. After my under graduation I joined Amazon Development Center as a Catalog Associate. In my current position, working with retail business vertical, majority of my work involves working on product launches and product compliance laws. Looking at data and analyzing it to ensure product compliance and data compliance to aid customer decision makingShow MoreRelatedWhy I Am An Engineer1576 Words   |  7 Pagesa vast field of opportunities. The buildings we work at, the cars we drive, the technology we use have all been made possible by the work of engineers. That is the main reason why I desire to be an engineer. I want to work in a field that I will be able to make a difference and have a job that am proud of and still enjoy. 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Angels in America by Tony Kushner - 984 Words

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When he goes to see his doctor and he is told that he ha s AIDS, Roy refuses to admit that he has AIDS and Homosexual. Roy tells his doctor, Henry, â€Å"You Think these are names that tell you who someone sleeps with, but they don’t tell you that.† (Pg. 51) He argues that his identity is not homosexual because they do not have â€Å"clout†; that he is a man of clout and has a lot of it. Roy states, â€Å"Homosexuals are men who know nobody and who nobody knows. Who have zero clout.†(Pg. 51) An example of Queer Theory, Roy tells his doctor that labels like Homosexual, Gay,Show MoreRelatedTony Kushner s Angels Of America1180 Words   |  5 PagesTony Kushner’s â€Å"Angels in America† and Mwaganu wa Kaggia’s â€Å"Not Ashamed but so Ashamed† both explicitly address the social, religious, and political stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and homosexuality. 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Critique of The Darling Essay Example For Students

Critique of The Darling Essay Critique of The DarlingFor centuries, women have turned and have entrusted in men for advice to fulfill their lives with romance. Some women, even though they had difficulty establishing a satisfactory bond with their spouse, still had a tendency to have a dependency on the male spouse for identity. For a woman to become a wife was a defining role in womens lives back then, especially within the eastern European cultures. Sadly, marriage is not always shown to be flowery and romantic as expected. Although Anton Chekov portrays his protagonist character Olga as kind hearted and attractive and favored, she often longs for love from the male gender, and serves as the embodiment of female disempowerment. From Olgas perspective as the story is told, she cannot exist without being love (Literature and its Writers, 109) and her life only takes on a meaning through a relationship to the men she attaches herself to. In this story The Darling, Olga explores and molds herself into many personalities and interests of the men in her life. For instance, After her fathers death, Olga is left with only material wealth, and again there is an absence of love, that Olga wants. So, Olga first marries a theater owner-Kukin. When married to him, she thinks and speaks only of the theater and repeating Kukins words to the actors and theater (Literature and its Writers, 110) also saying theater is the most important thing in life. Her parroting of her husbands words alone seems as though Olga never allows for thoughts or opinions of her own, as if she never learned how to think for herself is a principal characteristic of Olga that shows her lack of personality and significance in the plot. Once Kukin dies, she soon marries a timber merchant named Vassily Pustovalov. During this marriage, she thinks, speaks, and even dreams only of timber and mountains of planks and boards carting somewhere far (Literature and its Writers, 111) while taking his place in his office for him with now timber being the most necessary and important thing in life. Moreover, in an effort to appease her husband, her beliefs and ideas change with, and as often as, her husbands about every simple aspect in their lives, if he thought the room was too or that business was slack, she thought the same. (112). Then, after Pustovalov dies too due to an illness, Olga weeps and recites Ive got nobody, now youve left me, my darling (113) which signifies her yearning need for male comfort again. The plot thickens from there, as Chekov further allows readers to examine the role of a woman in those days as serving no greater role in society other than that of mother, whose only virtue is to have the capacity to just love. Furthermore, after isolating herself from the outdoors except only attending church, Olga considers seeing a veterinary surgeon, Vladimir Plantonitch, who is separated from his wife and son. Though she does not marry him but only dates, only because she could not live without some attachment for another year she suddenly develops a peculiar concern of food epidemics and feels compelled to speak only of veterinary concerns such as cow diseases and how animals ought to be as well cared for as the health of human beings. When he, too, leaves her, Olgas life becomes empty, as do her thoughts. Without a man around to form her identity, Olga grows old and loses the charm that once upon a time had earned her the alias amongst others that adored her as a darling, since she was full of bitterness (114). This aching nostalgic cycle that caused her to be resentful and want no one (including her own feline that she rejects by saying get away! I dont want you) was so, as time passed in the winter and spring, until the veterinary surgeon reenters her life, only to abandon his young son, Sasha, to her care. .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 , .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .postImageUrl , .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 , .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:hover , .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:visited , .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:active { border:0!important; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:active , .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2 .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb6b162be6b467705591cc3fcfbb5fe2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Idea Of Government Essay At last, when the child comes into her household, Olga finds renewed vigorSasha. Olgas life once again takes on meaning, as she absorbs herself with the care of Sasha. Olgas joy is once more rekindled and she feels delighted to provide for young Sasha as if he were her own son, and joyously pops a caramel into his hand on each trip to school (116). She empowers him to do his best and obey all of the teachers as a loving mother and since her character as an ideal of selfless maternal love which also surfaces. However, Sasha who overwhelmingly feels smothered by her demonstrations of maternal love feels shamefully bothered by Olenka following him regardless of whether it is for security reasons or not by spouting Youd better go home auntie. I can go the rest of the way alone.Because Olga is unable to make up her mind on any issue by her own judgments, Olga adopts her husbands beliefs and thus subordinates her will to the male desire. The only possible way Olenka gains any iota of happiness is only when she is with her two husbands-the theater-owner Kukin and the timber-merchant Pustovalov. She receives happiness solely because she tailors her outlook on life to concur with her own. Her own nickname even epitomizes an ironically pathetic mindset: she is everyones favorite darling pet, who appears both irksome and pitiful, which is thus why people debate as to whether Chekov used this representative character for ridicule or not. Overall, Olga does not evolve within the story, she only feels more at lonesome and more desperate for male affection since she cannot turn to her old boyfriend Smirnin for emotional fulfillment. Her entire attention is focused upon Sasha whose opinions she parrots which embarrasses her newfound joy by walking him to school. Even though she is punctual enough to win the affection of the public, Olga will never win nor earn their respect because of her own self-imprisonment by her own naive ness and lack of any intellect.

Various Bios Of Western Settlers Essay Research free essay sample

Assorted Bios Of Western Settlers Essay, Research Paper Bill was born in Troy Grove, IL. He moved to the Kansas district at age 18. He served as a Union undercover agent during the Civil War. He was highly courageous. He died in South Dakota while playing fire hook. Jane was born in Princeton, MO. Her pa moved the household to Utah. Sadly, her mother died along the manner. She married Wild Bill Hitchcock. She died in 1902 of natural causes. Annie was born in Danke City, OH. She began utilizing a rifle at age 6. She was portion of Buffalo Bill # 8217 ; s Wild West Show. She had a musical, Annie Go Get Your Gun based on her life. Born in New York City, Billy used many bogus names throughout his life. After his male parent passed off he moved west, where he committed his first slaying at age 12. He escaped from gaol and was shot and killed by Sheriff Garret. We will write a custom essay sample on Various Bios Of Western Settlers Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bill was born in Texas. He? used a knife as a teething ring and wrestled wild animate beings? . He married Slue- Foot Sue. He had a spread the size of New Mexico. Once he about drained the Rio Grande irrigating it. Henry was a missionar Y to the West. He traveled west with the Whitmans and his married woman, Eliza who had tow immature kids. They settled among the Nez Perc? Indians in Idaho. Narcissa and Marcus were besides missionaries to the West. They settled in Oregon, unlike the Spauldings. Narcissa was the first adult female to of all time traverse the continent to Oregon. Her hubby tended to the sick every bit good as preached. John was a Lieutenant in the ground forces. His first occupation was to map out the Dakota County. He met and married Jessie Benton Fremont. He mapped a batch of the West, seeking to happen a good country to construct a railway across the state. Brigham was born in Vermont in the early 1800s. He became one of the most influential spiritual figures of this epoch. He devoted more than 40 old ages of his life to the Mormon religion. He foremost brought Mormon emigres to Salt Lake City. ? I was driving every bit usual and we had an old hog that was anticipating babes that twenty-four hours, and she had to sit in the roadster, as male parent was really dying to salvage the small hogs. They all died in effect of the unsmooth route. ? -Rachel Emma Woolley, age 11, 1848

Underline the main features of The Good Friday Agreement essays

Underline the main features of The Good Friday Agreement essays A remarkable feature of Westminster's approach to the Northern Ireland 'Troubles' since 1969 has been the extent to which governments and oppositions down the years set party conflicts aside in searching for remedies and solutions. When Labour came to power in 1997, the outgoing Secretary of State, Sir Patrick Mayhew, was at pains to do all he could to help the incoming minister, Dr Mo Mowlam. Discussions continued month after month between party representatives. Both Prime Minister Tony Blair and Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern involved themselves in the details to a remarkable degree. Finally, on Good Friday 1998, all the main parties - with the exception of the Democratic Unionist Party - announced agreement. Essentially the SDLP MP who described the accord as 'Sunningdale for slow learners' was not wrong. A power-sharing devolved government would be formed with ministerial posts distributed according to party strength. The involvement of parties representing paramilitaries (primarily the Ulster Democratic Party, the Progressive Unionist Party and Sinn Fein) depended on the maintenance of cease-fires and 'decommissioning' of paramilitary weapons. A copy of the agreement was delivered to every household in Northern Ireland, and in May 1998 the accord was approved by referendum north and south; by a narrow margin, even unionist voters gave their approval. Two architects of the agreement, David Trimble and John Hume were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. A Northern Ireland Assembly was elected, with its representation also indicating majority support for the agreement. The issue of decommissioning, however, constantly delayed the formal creation of an executive, as the IRA had a policy of 'not an ounce, not a bullet' being given up from their armoury, while the Unionists refused to become ministers until some arms had been handed in. Northern Ireland remained a deeply divided society and this was most evident in opposing views on policin...

Analytical Comparison of Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory on Essay

Analytical Comparison of Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory on Children's Behaviour - Essay Example 46). Such factors may be related to the child’s immediate environment during the early stages of growth, emotional attachments to the child’s care givers, social relations with friends and peers, and factors related to the child’s cognition. Over time, the knowledge of the factors influencing behaviour has enabled policymakers to formulate policies and programs that promote better development of children’s behaviour in different sectors. This paper seeks to examine both the Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory with the aim of relating the theories to children’s behaviour. Description of Attachment Theory and Cognitive Theory The attachment theory asserts that children begin to develop psychological attachment to the first people they relate with, and knowledge acquired through such attachments influences their behavioural development (Inge 1992, p. 38). As such, the theory affirms that a positive parent-child relationship during the early stages o f child growth and development is essential, since it influences the future behaviour of the child in later stages of life. The nature of the relationship between the child and the care giver during the early stages of growth determines the nature of the child’s character, personality, and behaviour in later years (Inge 1992, p. 38). ... 38). Cognitive theory associates behaviour with the mental processes, asserting that people make choices according to how they perceive and understand different situations in their lives (Doherty & Hughes 2009, p.39). Cognitive theory advances that human behaviour is not solely based on reflex, or cause and effect, but people make conscious and logical choices to undertake particular actions depending on their understanding of the situations. As such, the theory argues that people do not act merely for the need to react to scenarios in their immediate environments, but rather they act to respond to their mental and psychological processes which term their actions as logical and necessary (Dowling 2009, p.121). The exposure of children to environments with different experiences influences their behavioural development, since such exposure requires the children to behave differently in different situations (Chesnay & Anderson 2011, p.3). Analysis in relation to current policies, strate gies, and legislations Attachment theory Different policies, strategies, and legislation have been formulated and adopted in programs aimed at promoting proper children growth and development, particularly in relation to children’s behaviour. Understanding of the influence of the attachment theory and cognitive theory in children’s behaviour has led to the formulation of Every Child Matters, an arrangement that seeks to ensure that all children are considered in the services provided by statutory, voluntary, or private providers (Gargiulo 2010, p.43). Children with avoidant attachment characteristics are largely antisocial and independent in most of their activities,

Religion - Mysticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Religion - Mysticism - Essay Example Understanding the relationship between human and their faiths is a vital aspect of understanding mysticism since it help understand the individual and the faith among other vital features of mysticism. Such an elusive introduction presents the relativity aspect of mysticism, which further presents scholars with more challenges. Spiritual beliefs vary in people. Christians believe in the existence of God alongside the numerous different doctrines of their churches, Muslims have similar structures and so are pagans among many other faiths throughout the world. Each of the numerous beliefs has a distinctive definition and application of mysticism in their attempt to develop a relationship with their faiths. The relativity of faiths introduces a concept of relativity in the study of mysticism as well. This complicates and may curtail the study of mysticism in most cases. In order to understand mysticism in a faith, a scholar must become conversant with the faith and understand the relationship an individual develops with their supernatural beings. The need to understand the traditional practices of individuals in order to understand the relative concept of mysticism makes the study more hectic to scholars. Traditions are cultural aspects of human life that helps explains the beliefs of an individual. Culture refers to non-genetic features of an individual most of which the individuals obtain from the society. Belief in a supernatural being is a vital aspect of culture that helps understand the mysticism. Different societies have their respective types of transformation and beliefs. Most traditional societies believed in the role of ancestral spirits in the transformational process. Such societies believed that the ancestors were intermediaries between them and the supernatural beings. The introduction of Christianity and Islam among other contemporary faiths

History 1112 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History 1112 - Essay Example reatest of the social changes that occurred out of these contacts and interactions between the continents is colonization, where the Western/central Europe sought to colonize America and Africa, in search for resources, free labor and settlements (Prak, 41). Slavery is yet another social change that occurred, resulting to the shipment of Africans from their continent to Europe and America to provide the required free labor. A range of economic changes also took place as a result of these contacts. The first notable economic change that occurred following the contacts is industrialization, which was majorly promoted by the availability of labor and raw material which could easily be sourced from America and Africa and then shipped to Europe (Prak, 60). Infrastructural development is yet the other economic change that occurred as a result of the contacts, where the Europeans had to construct infrastructural facilities in their colonies both in Africa and America, as well as at home to enhance the transportation of labor as well as raw materials required by the established

Comparison Between Piano Concert By Barbara Wieman And Sacramento Cham

Comparison Between Piano Concert by Barbara Wieman and Sacramento Chamber Orchestra   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Feb 20,1997, I attended a piano concert that was performed by Barbara Wieman. The performance was held at the American River College Music Department choir room. The choir room holds about 100 people and every seat was taken and students were seated on the floor. The audience was dressed casual as everyone was students trying to do their concert papers. Barbara Weiman was also dressed casual but nice. The piano concert started at 12:20pm and was finished at 1:05pm.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The program started with a piece from L.V. Beethoven called Sonata in F minor, Op.57. This piece can be characterized by an intense, dramatic use of fluctuating dynamics. It was as if the crescendo was not allowed to climax, then is aborted by a sudden change to pianissimo. The so called Beethoven motif was used throughout the piece, very effectively I might add. Barbara Wieman was very animated performing this piece and seemed to be very emotional while playing. This piece was very distinct and there was an effective use of rests that was displayed. I would call this piece very serious. After Beethoven we were treated to F. Schuberts Impromptu in G flat Major, Op. 90, No.3. This piece was very pleasing to the ear so we could call this consonant. The music seemed to flow and had a great rhythm. This piece was romantic in nature and probably that is why it was written in the romantic era. C. Debussy ‘s Feux d'artifice (fireworks) was the next piece played. The harmony was very obscured in this piece of music. The theme trying to be presented in this piece was as if fireworks were going off. The notes were ever changing and there was a very good uses of all the keys of the piano. This piece was not very pleasing at all and I did not care for it at all. From looking around the room it seemed other people would agree. After that unpleasant piece was played we were lead into La Cathedrale engloutie (The Sunken Cathedral). It was very slow starting but eventually started building the tempo and then seemed to drop off and become very slow in tempo. This piece seemed as if it were trying to tell a story. Alot of people seemed as if th... ...ught us back with a touching recollection of the very beginning of the work. The Bartok Divertimento was in three movements. It can be best described as continuous, fascinating, exciting and full of action. The melodies were strong, as were the rhythmic pulses and dissonance's. So much was happening that all you could do was go for the ride and enjoy it. The last major piece was by Copland, called Concerto for Clarinet and String Orchestra with Harp and Piano.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Copland piece was in two movements bridged by an unusually long cadenza (Soloist), that lasted over three minutes. The soloist seemed to dwell on the lyric sweetness of the first movement and then signaled the merriment of the second movement. The first part struck me as very slow but the second part was very rhythmic,very perky, and was passed around appreciatively by all, while the piano and clarinet were trading ideas with each other. All in all, this piece signaled excitement and was made very enjoyable with the clarinet and piano. As this was my first Chamber Concert I was not sure what to expect. I thoroughly enjoyed myself and I'm looking forward to my next concert.

Growing Up in Charlotte, NC

Growing up here in Charlotte NC was very hard for me and my family. As a young child, I was the younger of two children actually, I was the middle child of three, I had a baby brother who died at a young age from an illness. Well as a young child I grew up on the West side of town called West Blvd. and then we moved to Rosszell ferry Rd.We stay there till I was in the 5th grade we then moved to Columbus Circle and then to Bruns Ave as you can see I moved around a lot but it did not matter everywhere we moved I was always the one who got picked on because of my clothes and hair, My hair was short because it was not took care of, my clothes were not new, we had to shop at the thrift store of the goodwill to find things that would fit. I remember as a young child one year for Christmas me and my brother did not get anything for Christmas, O my God I was so hurt.All my cousins got all these toys but me and my brother did not get anything, and the sad part about all this is my Father had brought me and my brother bikes but he took them to SC and gave them to his girlfriend children. I also remember as a young child as the one who was always took down in the basement and messed with by my uncle, or when I went to visit my cousin their older brother would try to mess with me, This thing I took and push in the back of my mind, and tried to live my life as best I knew how. Living life as a teenager really was hard.I was known as the Black Dolly Pardon, WOW this was hard but I still push my way through this. I manage to finish school and college but life was still hard. At the age of 21 I got pregnant with my second child, O I did not tell you I got popped at the age of 16 and lost the baby, I lost the baby at 3 months. When I was 19 I decided to leave home, and that was the worst decision of my life, I was abuse by my son father, who has passed away, James E. Henderson was killed in 2007. In 1986 I gave birth to a son Jonathan D. Adams. Jonathan is now 26 years old.In 1 987 I had another son name Sirquentin Q Adams and a Daughter name Rasheena Adams. At the age of 24 I had three children and no husband; I didn’t know what to do. God I really needed your help, things began to spin out of control, I was living wherever I could and that was no fun, But I made it, at the age of 27 my father put me and my three children out on the street with nowhere to go, I was so hurt I ended up staying with a guy who hurt me by letting me know that me and my baby girl could stay but not my boys so I had to find somewhere to go, I ended up moving in with a friend who let her hildren abuse my children by biting, scratching, pinching, and whatever they could to hurt my children. Until I moved in with my cousin and only stayed there for about a month or two then I got my own house through the section 8 program. I stayed in the program for 15 years. I became very sick with sleep apnea and high blood pressure. But I still kept trying to live the best life I could.W hat I am trying to say is all my life I was bullied, picked on, talked about and threw under the bus, this hurt very badly. I am learning to live life the best I know how, but I still have not learn the lesson yet. I have always made sure that my children and everyone else that was connected to me was ok, But I never really took care of me, I am now living with my cousin on there couch, I don’t really want to be here but it is either here or in the shelter.God I am in need of your help, this thing is affecting me so bad to the point that I am not even in place in church. I now ask that you forgive me for all my sins, and mistakes, God please forgive me, I just want to please you. God I need my own apartment and I need it to be furniture, I need all my debts to be caught up so I can start over again. God I just want a chance to start over and make things right with you and myself. God I just want to live in peace.

Asian Citrus Psyllid

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5842 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Environment Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1.0Introduction The Asian Citrus Psyllid is referred botanically called Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a pest of citrus and close relatives of citrus. Together with the African Citrus Psyllid Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) are the two most dangerous citrus pests in the World (Bronson Gaskalla par.1). Diaphorina citri Kuwayama causes extreme damage to the crop by spreading pathogens that cause greening or the yellow dragon disease to the citrus plants. The disease can also be referred as the yellow shoot disease because the shoots of the citrus plants become yellow in color. Furthermore the disease also causes chlorosis as if the plant is lacking the zinc nutrient, the twigs are affected and there is reduced fruit size and the productivity declines. The fruit color is not well developed and this to the greening effect hence the name greening disease (Bronson Gaskalla par.2). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Asian Citrus Psyllid | Sciences Dissertations" essay for you Create order Buitendag Broembsen argue that the interaction between the vector and the pathogen is not well known and range from 30 minutes for the Asian Citrus Psyllid and 24 hours for the African Psyllid hence the Asian pest is more lethal. The Asian Citrus Psyllid have been a menace to farmers in South Texas (p.269). The pathogens are believed to multiply in the vectors hence increasing in numbers and causing havoc to the citrus plants (Aubert 150). The adult Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP) are small ranging between 3 to 4 millimeters and have brown wings. These insects are very active and move very fast. The eggs are bright yellow in color and are laid on the feathery flush. Nymphs are either green or dark orange and feed on the leaves and also the stem and can be hard to find in a field unless one is keen (Bronson Gaskalla par.4). Citrus is a universal terminology employed to refer to a number of cultivated plant genus belonging to the Rutaceae folks such as Grapefruit, emerald, oranges and lemon. The US produces about forty percent of the collective grapefruit produced globally; this includes both processed as well as fresh fruit bazaar. The states in which this crop is grown include Florida, Arizona and South Texas. This research will be based on South Texas whereby the pest is a menace and has caused poor production in citrus products (Evans et al 126). Total acreage of commercial Citrus in Texas is at twenty seven thousand acres quantified at a fiscal value worth one hundred and sixty million dollars (Rosson 1). The initiation of citrus production in Texas stretch back in the 1849, when the earliest citrus trees were planted near Brazoria (Anciso 162).The concentration of commercial citrus in southern Texas is due to the regions fertile alkaline soils besides to subtropical environment that are moderately appropriate for citrus construction (Sauls 254). Nevertheless, owing to the lack of adequate rainfall, almost all of citrus orchards in the LRGV are irrigated, with most of the water acquired from the Rio Grande River (Uckoo et al 25). Roughly 35 natural species are witnessed feeding as well as causing some echelon of spoil in Texas citrus. In the midst of these pests, the ACP is regarded the most detrimental one. In a recent grower survey, ACP has been ranked as the precedence nuisance by growers affecting the production of citrus world wide. The natural enemies of ACP are useful mainly in reducing the population of the pest. These natural enemies are important in the control of the Asian Citrus Psyllids because they are better than controlling then using chemical which in pollute the environment and are known to cause side effects to the people who consume the citrus fruits (Guun Stevens 190). 2.0. Justification of The Study 2.1. Economic Importance of Citrus United States is one of the major producers of citrus fruits in the world. It has almost six hundred and twenty one acres of citrus groves which are consumed locally as well as globally. For the total citrus production in the USA, Florida produces 60 percent followed by California 28 percent, then Arizona and Texas four percent. For instance, in 2005 approximately there were forty two thousand commercial fruit farm providing citrus fruits to all states within USA and roughly one hundred and forty countries worldwide. The leading constituent was oranges at 800 million US dollar grapefruits second with an overall value of 174 million US dollar and lastly temple oranges and tangerines. The economic benefits of citrus production in the United States go further than the value of the fruit. The by products like citrus pulp, Molasses and D-Limonene are vital and are used in other ways hence their economic importance can not be underestimated. D-Limonene is significant oil extorted from the peels of citrus fruits and seeds and it is utilized in the cleaning of flavorings and colognes, (Florida Department of Citrus Economic and Market Research Department 86). 2.2. Source of Raw materials The production of citrus fruits in the United States has a significant impact on other firms including utility industries, transport and warehouse firms, finance and insurance in addition to tax revenues (sales and property taxes). The United States citrus industries have a great value on the overall economic growth annually of eight seven billion dollars and offers job opportunities to 769,224 people in the country. In addition, citrus industries has improved the livelihood ofpeople especially the residents of Florida, supportsin the conservation of the environment through purification of air, food security. 2.3. Ecological and Aesthetic Benefits Moreover, citrus orchards have proved to offer sites for rainfall to ooze into the ground and restock the aquifers. Contemporary citrus groves are designed in a manner that is important in the conservation of innate wetlands and generate huge on-site water preservation areas to incarcerate storm-water runoff. Additionally, these sites provide outstanding habitat for wildlife that contribute to overall growth of the economy in form of tourists attraction both locally and internationally. Undoubtedly, citrus production is a vital facet in the USA economy. Lamentably, many factors have contributed to loss of production. Among them includes greening disease which was introduced through infected plants with the pest commonly called ACP. The disease has greatly reduced production levels for instance in 1997 there were eight hundred and fifteen citrus plants generating more than 13 million tons of citrus fruits but this greatly reduced and by almost half in 2006. The south Texass farms were highly affected and the blame was pointed on the ACP increase in population. To control this pest is a clear indication to solve the problem of poor production in the farms in the South Texas. Thus this research is aimed at promoting biological pest control instead of relying on the pesticides which are not environmentally friendly and also expensive to undertake. 3.0. Literature Review 3.1. History of Asian Citrus Psyllids Initially, the Asian Cytrus Psyllid was known to be in the tropical and the sub-tropical area like Asia, Saudi Arabia, Mauritius, Afghanistan, Mexico, Reunion, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. However, this pest was found in the United States Florida state in June, 1998 in the Palm Beach County (Halbert et al 330). In the state of Texas, its introduction was an accident. It got to the Rio Grand Valley on potted nursery stocks of the plant orange jasmine, which had been imported from the state of Florida (French et al 15). Due to this, the current fear is that it might end up invading other states especially the state of California, especially from Florida, Mexico or very likely from Asia being as a result of the recurrent interruption of the transportation of plant materials from Asia- especially the citrus plants and so on. 3.2. The Destructive Nature of the Pest Due to the destructive nature of the Asian Citrus Psyllid, many agricultural organizations have come up with ways of the management of the pest. South Texas, whose citrus orchards make a considerable contribution to the economy of Texas -$ 200 million. The state also has to be keen on the management of the pests since it has already invaded the farms. The concentration of the orchards is in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (Sauls254), where the pest was introduced. The research on the diversity of the natural enemies of the Asian Cytrus Psyllid and their effect will supply good information for the management of the pests, hence boost productivity. 3.3. The Pest Life Cycle of Asian Citrus Psyllid Its life cycle like that of the grasshopper is divided into three main stages that is egg, nymph and adult. The eggs are laid on growing young shoots and between the leaves. Females normally lay about 300 to 800 eggs during their life time. Nymphs undergo five developmental stages before attaining maturity. The total life cycle requires between duration of half a month to about 47 days depending on the surrounding environmental factors like temperature and seasonal variation. Populations are always low during the winter and and dry seasons and peak during summer. There are 9 to ten generations in a year although more than this also been observed in the field cages (www.hungrypests.com par.7). 3.4. Enemies of the pest at different stages of its life cycle. There are different enemies to this pest at its different stages. There are those that destroy the egg, those that attack the nymph and those that attack the adult Asian Citrus Psyllid. The enemies range from bacteria and fungus to parasitic insects and beetles. Some of the enemies do affect the plant and cause a lot of harm to it for instance the bacteria. Some completely destroy the pest, but do not cause any harm to the plant, hence are recommended for the control of the pest. 3.4.0 Enemies at the Egg/nymph stage There are insects that largely feed on the nymphs hence denying them a chance to mature. The most common wasp that are known for attacking the nymphs of Asian Citrus Psyllid pest are referred to as hymenophterous parasites. They are two tiny wasps namely Tamarixia radiata (waterson) whose origin is Taiwan and Vietnam; and diaphorencytrus aligarhensis (shaffee, Alam and Agarwal) whose origin is Taiwan. The adult Tamarixia radiata lays eggs underneath an Asian Cytrus Psyllid nymph and when the egg hatches, it feeds on the Psyllid and kills it. Upon maturing, the adult wasp emerges from underneath the dead nymph or it chews its way out, thus leaving a hole (McFarland Hoy 227-230). The above is illustrated by the figure below: 3.4.1. Beetles There are two nymphal lady beetles that are popular predators of the nymphs of the pest, Asian Citrus Psyllid. They are referred to as Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Ollav-nigrum (Mulant). These, while they are at both nymphal stage and adult stage, nourish themselves on the nymphs of the pest thus immensely reducing their population. The Harmonia. axyridis is known for its predatory habits of feeding on aphids of various species. Normally, it consumes up to 370 aphids through the larval stage, depending on the species of aphids it is consuming (Hukusima Kamei 55). As it develops, the amount of food consumed increases, translating into reduction of the population of the Asian Cytrus Psyllid (Miua Nishimura 145). It also has a considerably long life span, and the females are known to feed more than the males. 3.4.2.Bacteria Citrus greening or Huanglongbing (in Chinese) is a disease that is dreaded by many citrus orchard farmers (Bove 7). It not only affects the leaves, but proceeds also to attack the fruits. The bacterium that causes this disease is referred to as Liberobacter asiaticum and it is parasitic. The bacterium stays in the cells of the plant, mainly the phloem cells (Hoy, Nguyen Jeyaprakash 2). In Asia, the vector for this parasite is the pest Asian Cytrus psyllid (Halbert and Manjunath 330). It survives in the presence of its host, the pest, Asian Citrus psyllid. However, the details of how the co-existence brings about the deadly greening disease to the plants are still unclear.The only information proven is that the Asian Cytrus Psyllid in contact with a plant that is contaminated, takes approximately 30 minutes to contract the pathogen. The pathogens survive through transition. They find their ways in the body of the pest and spread to the various developing organs of the pest. The bacterium mostly goes to the salivary glands so as to prepare for transition as the pest feed. The nymphs are the most affected since the bacterium finds an easy time spreading because of the development process. However, if they land on adults, then may not be very lucky to survive because the maturity span is longer and the adult may be already dead. The adults that feed on infected plants are less likely to be affected compared to the you ones that develop feeding on these affected plants because the development of the bacteria spreads more as the pest develops, something unlikely in the old already developed adults (Halbert and Manjunath 332) 3.4.3. Fungus Particular fungus is also classified among the pathogens that are enemies of the pest. One of the funguses studied is referred to as Hirsutella citriformis Speare. The study was carried out in Quadeloupe in the year 1998, January. However, the fungi are believed to work under condition that the relative humidity of the area where it is being used is high. Further studies conducted in Florida proved that when the pests were exposed to these fungi, they showed evidence of the presence of diseases in them. These showed that the fungi were affecting the pests negatively and therefore were capable of aiding their elimination. Through this experiment, we learn that the exposure of the pest to a certain species of the fungi Hirsutella citriformis Speare makes their genetic data distort and increases their mortality rate. 3.4.4. Enemies at the adult stage 3.4.4.1. Predators They include small insects that predate on them, and man. At an adult stage, there are those enemies that are similar to those that attack the nymphs. A large majority of the pests can be fed on by wide-ranging arthropods like hunting spiders namely Aranae: (oxyopidae, anyphaenidae, salticidae and clubionidae species), whiteflies, minute pirate bugs, lacewings Neuroptera: hemerobiidae, chrysopidae species, scales, syrphids or hover flies, Diptera syrphidae, or mealy bugs like Hemiptera: anthocoridae species (Michaud 1). Others are fed on by the coccinellid beetles that pose as the greatest predators, because they attack the pests at both stages- nymph and adult stage.Wherever they are present, the population of the pests goes considerably low. However, due to excessive use of insect-killing chemicals, the chances are that the pests can easily get a chance to increase rapidly in population because the predators are done away with. 3.4.4.2. Human beings as natural enemies Known to humans as destructive, the Asian citrus psyllid is seen as something that needs to be eliminated. As such, the elimination of the pest is a survival gesture. The human beings have developed different programmes to manage and control the pests so that they can check destruction and increase production. There are several methods employed by man in the attempt to eliminate these pests. Chemical compounds have been developed to eliminate these pests, thus posing a great danger to their survival. In addition to the chemical elimination, the trees infested by this pest are usually pruned and destroyed by burning them, so that the chances of reproduction and spread of the pest are eliminated. This considerably affects the population of Asian Citrus Psyllid. In addition to this, human beings can also take to crushing the psyllid physically hence eliminating them. All the other enemies of the Asian Citrus Psyllid are being utilized by man to ensure elimination, and enhance production of citrus plant products. In fact, parasitic, fungal and predatory enemies are introduced to area infested by these pests to ensure population reduction if not total eradication of the pest. More studies are underway to come up with a more effective biological method of reducing and eventually eliminating the Asian Citrus Psyllid, as it is considered one of the biggest threat to orchard farming. 3.4.4.3. Toxic Plants No particular plants are known to be poisonous to the Asian Citrus Psyllid. However, in an attempt to ensure the management of these pests, methods have been devised to intoxicate the citrus plants on which these pests feed. There are both foliar and soil treatments that cause the intoxication. When compounds like the neonicotinoid- imidacloprid is applied to the soil, it goes to the sap of the plant and is therefore responsible for the elimination of various plant pests that suck sap from the plant (Boina, Onagbola, Salyani Stelinski 2). When the concentration is high enough, the Asian Citrus Psyllid dies off immediately from over excitation. When the concentration is not so high to the point of killing the pests, then it affects the fertility rate of the pests, the life span and their productiveness. The treatment of the soil, though long term, is not as fast as that of the leaves. Insecticides sprayed on the leaves of the plants get more instant results. However, this is discouraged mostly because it affects the parasites that help in the management of the population of the pests. 3.5. Methods and Materials 3.5.0. Sampling Methods Objective #1 Record Natural Enemies Select six (sites) citrus groves (80 x 60m) of young grapefruit and orange trees between 2 and 4 years old 3 to 6 feet tall with new flush for visual observations (200 planted trees in plot) Record average temperature, draw a map of its location on the property, record GPS location growers field identification number and dimensions of trees of each study site Direct sampling observations at each site for 20 minutes on a weekly basis Using an optic visor and hand lens observe for any visual predators feeding on ACP, including ACP, eggs and nymphs (beetles, spiders, lacewings-if feeding do not record species) log in data into spreadsheet Transport any predators found in a plastic container at 40C to the Texas UniversityInspectory for identification analysis Objective #2 Determine Impact of Parasitoids (parasites) on ACP Destructive Sampling From one random citrus orchard (site) randomly select and label ten fresh flushes infested with nymphs; remove and collect by hand On selected site (to avoid any wilting) immediately separate and place each flush in a pre prepared aqua tube and place in Petri dish or tube holder Transport Petri dishes or tube holders in an ice chest at 40C to the Texas University Inspectory for observation of parasitoids Record and count number of nymphs per flush microscopically; to evaluate parasitism of ACP nymphs Place each Petri dish or aqua tube in a ventilated emerge tube Label emerge tube / Petri dish with parasitized nymphs with a sample number/date/location for emergence; using VWR labeling tape Store sample emerge tubes in Inspectory at 25C on a rack; refill tubes with squeeze bottle as needed After two weeks examine flushes microscopically for parasitized nymphs Remove emerged parasites from the emerge tubes, record species of parasite live or dead on ACP Preserve the parasites in ethyl alcohol for identification analysis Objective #3 Determine the Impact of Natural Enemies to ACP: density (population) Exclusion Intrusion Experiment (how much are they contributing to control the ACP) From a random citrus orchard (1 site) randomly select twenty fresh flushes from random trees infested with eggs Label/tag with date and sample number from predetermined numbering system; ten protected with fine cloth sleeve (caged) and ten unprotected; flushes are to be randomly selected from low, middle, and high and from outer and inner parts of the trees Record an estimate of predators and ACP eggs in the protected and unprotected flushes After seven days examine the selected flushes for the presence of ACP eggs Repeat process every seven days Remove and collect by hand and transport 20 flushes to Texas University Inspectory At the same citrus orchard (1 site) location select and label another twenty fresh flushes from random (different) trees infested with nymphs Label/tag with date and sample number from predetermined numbering system; ten protected with fine cloth sleeve (caged) and ten unprotected; flushes are to be randomly selected from low, middle, and high and from outer and inner parts of the trees Record an estimate of predators and ACP nymphs in the protected and unprotected flushes After seven days examine the selected flushes for the presence of ACP nymphs Repeat process every seven days Remove and collect by hand and transport 20 flushes to Texas University Inspectory 3.5.1. Study Area Observations will be carried out from early May to early October 2009, in citrus groves at the research field of the Texas. The sampling period will be designed to encompass the period of mortality rate on the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP). Twenty flush per grove will be randomly selected and inspected between 8:00 a.m. and 12:00 a.m. every 7 days for a total of 20 weeks. Visual predators feeding on ACP will be used for this experiment. 3.5.2. Experimental Site The study will be carried out in citrus plantation situated at Rio Red Grape Grapefruit 2006.The site covers an area of 4/8 acreages with a total of 240 citrus tree and 30 tree per row. For regular practices three year grapefruits trees will be selected covering an area of 6/8 acres with 240 trees whereas for Valencia oranges also for regular practice 4 year old trees are the best covering an area of 10/13 acres with 390 trees in total. For conventional practice or research farms four year old citrus trees will be chosen. For Shimotsu farms two years ruby red grapefruits will be selected and finally for Monte Alto Farms two years Valencia Oranges will be ideal. 3.5.3. Field Observation A. Materials 1. 1.7ml snap cap aqua tubes, (clear/amber and pre-sterilized), Plantariums single vials (7 x 1 diameter), Distilled water, Gamplers 4-mil Disposable Nitrite Gloves, Para film M IS, Ethyl Alcohol, Zeiss West Germany Microscope, Net sleeves, VWR Scientific Label Tape, Hand Lens, Ice chest, and Ice packs. 3.5.4. Sampling processing 1. 1.7ml snap cap aqua tubes, (clear/amber and pre-sterilized), Plantariums single vials (7 x 1 dia), Distilled water, Gamplers 4-mil Disposable Nitrite Gloves, Para film M IS, Ethyl Alcohol, Zeiss West Germany Microscope, Net sleeves, VWR Scientific Label Tape, Hand Lens, Ice chest, and Ice packs. 3.6. Exepected Results Asian citrus psyllid population is expected to decline sharply after the introduction of different kind of natural enemies. This is because the natural predators shall have a deductive effect on the pest population. The various preadots such as the birds, beetles, spiders and other insects shall act synergistically towards the elimination of the pest. In the short run, predator population shall also be expected to increase due to abundance of food (the Asian citrus psyllid). However, this may be determined by the initial population of each kind of predator introduced in the experimental plots and the palatability of the pest to each predator. However, the predator populations are expected to decline gradually as the pest population gradually declines. This expectation is based on the assumption that the pest forms the main source of food for all the different kinds of species introduced. Again, it shall also be assumed that the experiment shall be conducted in a closed habitat system such that due to natural forces of organisms to adjust to ecosystem disequilibrium, non of the predators shall move out of the experimental area to look for food incase the pest population is too low to sustain them. Worse still, a loss of biodiversity may occur within the experimental site if all the pest population is eliminated. This may lead to new findings of what the predators may turn to do in order to survive (for example, turn to new kinds of food sources, hibernate, migrate or so). 3.6.0. Statistical Analysis Essentially, two kinds of data are expected to be obtained, qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative form of data shall be obtained through making observations on both the specimens and experimental plots. Ecological changes, general population trends as well as predator behavior shall be observed and recorded. Quantitative data shall also be collected in order to have enough information before making major conclusions of the study. Some of the figures that shall be taken include population of each predator at experimental launch and at end, estimated pest population at beginning and end of the experiment, relative consumption of pests for each predator among others. Statistical analysis tools such Excel spreadsheets and SPSS program shall be utilized. Again, various graphs that compare different factors and measurements shall be made. For easy understanding of the results, tables and graphical representations shall also be made. 3.7. Conclusions This study is aimed at making critical conclusion points that shall form a basis for making essential agronomical decisions, especially in the control and management of asian citrus psyllid. The conclusion statement developed here may also form a basis for policy change or a change in agricultural extension approach, depending on their credibility and statistical evidence. 3.8. Recommendation From the gathered literature, a number of recommendations have been considered essential. Natural predators as a mode of pest control is not 100% effective because of the negative ecological imbalance this may bring upon total elimination of the pest. The most important point to consider is to maintain the level of Asian citrus psyllid pest at a level that is not harmful to citrus fruit production. As a result, natural predator method should be intergrated with other modes such as chemical use and physical methods in order to obtain optimum results. Secondly, there is need to do more research about the extend of the dangers and threats culminating from complete elimination of this pest. Technological advancement should also be incorporated with rgard to genetic engineering. By this, it is meant to conduct more research on possibility of genetically modified citrus fruit trees that are not only resistant to asian citrus psyllid pest, but also to drought and other challenges during growth. Another study of the pest survival and environmental habitat should be done. This study will lead better understanding of the pests life cyle and the best stages of the life cyle to intervene in order to obtain optimum control while ensuring minimal ecological damage and financial losses. Works Cited Ahmed,Mohammad A.,Integrated Pest Management of Paratrioza cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management https://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/theses/aljabr/thesis.html Anciso, J.R. Integrated pest management IPM in Texas citrus. Texas Cooperative Extension: College station. 2002. pp.149-162 Asian Citrus Psyllid. 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